U.S. Border Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

U.S. Fringe Security - Essay Example We highly esteem our significant and practically one of a kind pledge to freedom, and the lawful organizations and urban culture that have made America most likely the freest society ever (Herman Schwartz, Security and freedom during a time of fear mongering). Following September 11, President George W. Hedge declared a war on fear based oppression that would be worldwide battle and would proceed far into what's to come. Twilight of the assault, Attorney General John Ashcroft made the Department of Justice plan administrative recommendations. Investigators denied their old lists of things to get and made a huge proposition, which, with different arrangements, turned into the 342-page USA-Patriot Act. At the point when it was constrained through only a month and a half later, very few individuals from Congress had perused this bill, and many decided in favor of it with questions. So extraordinary was the strain to make some defensive move against fear mongering, be that as it may, that just a single representative and 66 House individuals casted a ballot against it. The most significant purpose of the proposition was devoted to United States Border Security; and after the eleventh of September a few measures have been taken. The creator of this examination will descry the circumstance of United States outskirt security, explain the points of interest and shortcomings of American security framework. I might want to focus on United States Mexico and Canadian outskirts. The United States Mexico boundary The United States Mexico boundary is in reality a few detachment obstructions wanted to forestall unlawful movement into the United States from the region of neighboring Mexico. Its key objective is Mexican nationals and other Latin Americans, however lately different gatherings (for example Asians of various nationalities) have likewise been utilizing the permeable Mexican fringe to make safe access to the USA. The hindrances were structured as a component of three bigger Activities to forestall unlawful movement, Operation Gatekeeper in California, Operation Hold-the-Line in Texas, and Operation Safeguard in Arizona. The reason for these obstructions is to make foreigners cross the outskirt with various troubles, so as to diminish relocation. A few researchers, who investigated this subject, express that these activities are only an advertising technique used to convince U.S. residents that the outskirt is secure, while the economy profits by the proceeding with stream of modest wo rk over the fringe. The 3140 km (1,951 mile) fringe between the United States and Mexico crosses an assortment of landscapes, including urban territories and deserts. The boundary is arranged in the urban segments of the fringe; really the incredible number of relocations occurred in this area. These urban regions incorporate California, Texas, San Diego and El Paso. The accomplishment of the hindrance prompted a perceptible increment in the quantity of individuals attempting to cross the Sonoran Desert and the Baboquivari Mountains in Arizona. Such transients

Business Law Legal Environment Australia â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Business Law Legal Environment Australia? Answer: Introducation The law of tort expects individuals to be dependable while managing others. Additionally, the law anticipates that occupiers should ensure that their guarantees are sheltered from jeopardizing the lives or the properties of the individuals who go to their premises. Thus, organizations ought to guarantee that their items or administrations are protected and dependable to the clients who buy them. In a more profound conversation, this paper will represent various uses of the law of tort. Tort of Negligence and Misrepresentation As the normal torts, carelessness, and distortions are a portion of the torts that individuals face all the time. Beginning with the tort of carelessness, these are conditions where one people unfortunate behavior makes wounds the other individual (Kubasek, Browne, Dhooge, Herron Barkacs, 2016). With respect to distortion, this one happens when a partys lead or articulations current conditions that are false and persuades the other party to depend on those conditions (Beatty, Samuelson Bredeson, 2013). While deception can occur in both the law of agreement and the law of tort, this paper will concentrate on the law of tort where the law rebuffs it by granting remuneration and even correctional harms (Kubasek, Browne, Dhooge, Herron Barkacs, 2016). Tort of Negligence and Its component There are basically three components of carelessness, yet similar components can be separated to sub-components. The principal component is the obligation of care (Miller Cross, 2010). At the point when an instance of carelessness goes to the court, courts start by deciding if there was an obligation to mind that the litigant owed to the claimant(Mann, Roberts Smith, 2012). The instance of (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932) was the main case to decide an obligation to mind when it built up the idea of the 'neighbor standard.' The case included a petitioner who found a disintegrated snail in a container of lager when she emptied the staying content into her glass. The judgment for this situation set up that the respondent who was the maker had penetrated his obligation of care. With that, he was at risk for the petitioners harms of 500 as guaranteed by the inquirer. Inspired by a paranoid fear of the abuse of this case, the choice of (Lords in Caparo v Dickman, 1990) set out a three-phase test for the assurance of the obligation to mind. Subsequent to building up an obligation of care in the litigant, the court pushes ahead to locate the second component of carelessness. This component tries to discover whether the litigant penetrated that obligation (Varuhas, 2014). Since the law requires every individual who owes an obligation of care to act sensibly in executing that obligation, the law tries to discover whether the activities of the respondent were absurd. By sensible, the law expects that an individual should act similarly a sensible individual would have acted in such conditions. Take for instance the instance of (Nettleship v Weston, 1971). The driver was a third exercise understudy who caused a mishap harming the inquirer who was his teacher. At the point when the court inspected this case, they found that the respondent had acted nonsensically henceforth at risk for the harms. The courts third step or third component is to interface the petitioners harms with the litigants careless activities. The working instrument for this progression is the yet for test which tests for the immediate connection between the penetrated obligation and the misfortune (Steele, 2017). The yet for test goes connected at the hip with setting up whether the guaranteed harms are sensibly predictable (Twomey, Jennings, Fox Anderson, 2011). In other words; the harms ought not be excessively remote. Take for example the instance of (Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital Management Committee, 1969) Though the law found the need inability to analyze a patient as a disregard of obligation, it court didn't discover an association between the demise of the Barnett spouse and the penetrate of obligation by the medical clinic. Nobody could endure the arsenic poison implying that in any case, the spouse would have kicked the bucket. In a word, the widow asserted that the demise of the spouse was brought about by the disappointment of the specialists to look at him. Regardless of that, the spouse conditions came about because of the dangerous arsenic poison. Distortion and Its components The law of tort characterizes distortion as a false articulation or behaviors that baits another gathering into the agreement or understanding (Clarkson, Miller, Cross Clarkson, 2015). Gergen (2013) states that when an instance of distortion comes to court, the court begins looking at whether there was an oral, composed or lead proclamation. Subsequent to discovering this first component, the court at that point thinks about the deception of the announcement. A difference in realities doesn't tally what is important is whether the individual who had given an announcement refreshes the other party on the changes. Take for example the instance of (With v O'Flanagan, 1936). The specialist had genuine figures in January while offering the expression, however by May, the realities had changed. The announcement went to be bogus, and the litigant sued for harms. The subsequent component is discovering whether the announcement was a reality instead of suppositions. In the tort of deception, what tallies is the false realities yet not false conclusions. In (Bissett v Wilkinson, 1927), Mr. Wilkinson told the Mr. Bisset that he figured the land would suit 2,000 sheep. Mr.Wikinson knew without a doubt that the land had not been utilized for raising sheep. At the point when the announcement went to be false, the adjudicator said that the dealers explanation was only an assessment yet not a reality. As a general rule, the announcement got false and the Mr.Wikinson guarantee for harms. Be that as it may, the asserted fizzled on the grounds that the court didn't discover the announcement from Mr. Bisset as a reality yet rather a conclusion. The third component manages enlistment. The inquiry is whether the announcement proposed to instigate one gathering to acknowledge the understanding and whether the announcement without a doubt initiated the gathering (Mann, Roberts Smith, 2012). The fourth component interfaces the harms to the deception. In the event that there is an immediate association, the case succeeds. On the off chance that the harms are excessively remote, the court may disregard to grant the pay. Approach on Negligence and Misrepresentation inside Business Context. The two torts happen routinely in business. All the more frequently, they may occur in circumstances of item liabilities and premises liabilities. Item and administration liabilities Organizations are at risk for perils brought about by their blemished items or administrations. (Mann, Roberts Smith, 2012). At the point when a deficient item causes a few harms, clients may choose a reason for activity through clients insurance act. A genuine model is the outlined case above (Donoghue v Stevenson, 1932). So also, distortion in items can occur through a misleading item where the business guarantees that an item would offer advantages which in actuality the dealers realizes that it is false. Be that as it may, the law permits deals puff. Faulty administrations may likewise bring about an activity in court. In (Andrews v Hopkinson, 1957) The inquirer got a vehicle with deficient controlling from the litigant. Thus, the inquirer engaged in a mishap and sued the respondent for his careless help. The court found the litigant obligated and granted the petitioner a remuneration for his misfortune. Reason Liability Reason risk manages issues where an individual would get harmed in another people premise. On the off chance that the court finds that the respondent errored in giving sensible consideration, the court is probably going to grant remuneration to the harmed party (Mann, Roberts Smith, 2012). Individuals harmed could be occupiers guests or just trespassers, however the court takes each case in an unexpected way. A case of this circumstance is the situation of (B v JJB Sports,2006). The harmed party was a kid of 10-years of age. The respondent had cleaned the floor leaving the floor wet under which represented a hazard to kids not to mention not at all like grown-ups who might have perused the signs. The court granted pay to the kid as it found the litigant subject for his careless behaviors of leaving the floor wet. Issues of Advice Counsels additionally owe an obligation of care to those individuals depending on their recommendation (Clarkson, Miller, Cross Clarkson, 2015). The court found the litigant obligated for an off-base data in (Chaudhry v Prabhakar, 1988). The inquirer had asked the respondent who was a gifted broker in vehicles to locate her a strong used vehicle. In any case, the respondent brought a vehicle that had been engaged with mishap which was against the guidelines given by the inquirer. Barrier to Claims of Negligence A case brought could endure dissatisfactions if the respondent raises a barrier. Despite the fact that the guard would not prevail with regards to faltering the whole case, it can help in decreasing the weight of harms that the litigant would have paid (Clarkson, Miller, Cross Clarkson, 2015). A portion of the uncommon barriers are a demonstration of God and trespasser. A demonstration of God implies risks brought about by normal powers. Trespassers safeguard contends that the litigant can't ensure somebody who he doesn't have information regarding whether the individual is on the premises. Aside from these two there are different protections, for example, contributory carelessness. Contributory carelessness This protection requires the litigant to demonstrate that the inquirer continued purposely to the hazard regardless of being cautioned by the respondent. For instance, in (Froom v Butcher, 1976). The petitioner sued the litigant subsequent to continuing wounds in a mishap. The petitioner asserted that the careless direct of the litigant caused the mishap however the court found that he was not wearing his safety belt. The court just permitted him to recoup 80% of the guaranteed harms. Volenti non fit injuria(Consent) Where the petitioner agrees to get into the hazard, can't turn around to guarantee for the harms. A model is an instance of (Morris v Murray, 1990) For this situation, the inquirer realized his companion was flushed, however he continued to take a ride with him in the airplane. The cl

Top 10 Communication Tips 2011 Summary COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Communication Tips 2011 â€" Summary COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Shortly after the 2012 application for admission went live we published 10 tips to assist with communicating with our office and obtaining information.   For ease of reference all 10 tips are summarized here for easy reference.   Each is a hyperlink to the full entry.   We hope this allows you to obtain information quickly and communicate clearly with our office. 1.     Always use the same email address when communicating with our office â€" this includes the email you use when you start your application. In addition we recommend NOT using an employer email address and always including your email address in the signature of your message (below your name). 2.   Avoid Unnecessarily Creating a Duplicate Online Application. 3.   Avoid copying several parties on the same email and avoid long emails. 4.   Thoroughly review our FAQ Page. 5.   When leaving a voice mail message speak slowly and clearly, state your telephone number twice, and note your city/time zone. 6.   If you must mail something to our office use a private mail courier and request receipt confirmation. 7.   Check out our student, alumni, faculty, staff interview page. 8.   Familiarize Yourself with Expenses and Start searching for fellowships/scholarships/grants as soon as possible! 9.   Attend an information session or recruitment event. 10.   Subscribe to this Blog.

The Effects Of Video Games On Today s Youth - 1131 Words

Introduction Video games have been one of the most popular sources of entertainment for quite some time. Video games have changed the entertainment industry and is now a billion-dollar industry. The industry has also effected society. Of course, there are some benefits of using video games, but there are also many negative effects of the use of video games, especially on today’s youth. According to NPD, ninety-one percent of children from the age of two to seventeen play video games (Camp, 2011). In terms of the population of the youth, that is nearly sixty-four-million children (Camp, 2011). According to Dino Grandoni, children play from one to three hours of video games per day (Grandoni, 2014). With these facts, it is obvious that the use of video games will have some physical, mental, and social effects on the child, especially if the child becomes addicted to playing video games. The consequences of playing these games in an addictive manner includes physical issues, psychological iss ues, as well as issues connecting with people in the real world. Physical Problems Of course video games can be fun or even relaxing. However, is playing as a fictional character in a fictional realm worth the physical problems that can arise from constantly playing? Playing video games for too long puts stress on the body’s immune system, muscles, and even the brain (video-game-addiction). Also, the addiction of video games can cause a child to maintain poor hygiene habits as well as poorShow MoreRelatedBanning Violent Video Games On Children1545 Words   |  7 Pages Banning Violent Video Games A child is killing police officers. A teenager is hiring prostitutes to potentially kill them. He is using weapons such as guns, chainsaws, and knives to kill and commit horrible crimes. Thousands of children and teens participate in these actions daily. How? Violent Video games such as Doom, Call of Duty, and Grand Theft Auto are just a few of the games that are full of these awful actions. The Harvard Mental Health Letter states, â€Å"The Pew Research Center reportedRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On Youth Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesof video games, and Angry Birds Theme Park in China Universal Studios in Hollywood, California both also involve video game entertainment, therefore everywhere you go videogames follow! Obviously, the better technology gets the more accessible video games are becoming. Over 90% of the young adults and young children population play video games in the United States. Unfortunately, 90% of those games involve mature content that often includes violence (â€Å"Little By Little, Violent Video Games MakeRead MoreVideo Game Effects On Young Children And Young Adults Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pages. VIDEO GAME EFFECTS ON YOUNG CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS Carlsbad, California Legoland is consists of video games, and Angry Birds Theme Park in China Universal Studios in Hollywood, California both also involve video game entertainment, therefore everywhere you go videogames follow! Obviously, the better technology gets the more accessible video games are becoming. Over 90% of the young adults and young children population play video games in the United States play video games. UnfortunatelyRead MoreVideo Games Have Become Part Of The Social Norm For Kids Now Days1688 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games have become part of the social norm for kids now days. Whether it be for educational purposes, sports, a way to take the edge off, or for just pure entertainment, games have evolved to simulate a real life feel. As video games have advanced, so have the graphics and objectives. Kids are not playing low bit games like Pong anymore, but rather games that look and feel like real life. When you pick up the controller now, you’re enterin g a completely different world. Today, children are growingRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Our Lives1355 Words   |  6 Pagesthis subject. I personally think that video games can greatly impact your lives in a positive manner, but they can also destroy your lives. Videogames altering your intelligence making you less sophisticated, or time consuming making people over weight? The advantage of playing video games can be proven in its ability to enhance learning, hand-eye coordination, and can help to reduce feelings of stress and anger. Videogames a huge part of today s society, becoming more popular than everRead MoreVideo Games Effect On Today s Adolescents839 Words   |  4 PagesAre video games having a negative effect on today’s adolescents? For most teens, video games can be a fun way to escape reality. How do video games impact us? Are video games having a positive or a negative effect on today’s adolescents? Spending too much time playing video games leads to escalating rates of teen violence, obesity and declining grades. Violence, which also includes bullying, among teens has been on the rise for years, Watch the local evening news and you will most likely hearRead MoreVideo Games Encourage Teen Violence Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesVideo Games Encourage Teen Violence A sniper perched high in a eagles nest zooms in through his scope to the head of his enemy, pulls the trigger, the enemy falls to the ground headless. This is a image that is common in the world of war, and now in the world of video games. Teens all over the world have become completely addicted to first person fighting games. With technology as great as it is today game makers are able to designed games that are so real it is truly scary. Millions of teensRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games are the Root Cause of Youth Aggression1157 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most popular being video games. Video games have come a long way since they were first introduced to the mainstream audience during the 1960’s and 1970’s and have drawn a large amount attraction among people of all ages and culture. However it wasn’t until the Play-station was released that violence became a concern to parents and politics. The level of violence in video games have been in a matter of controversy dating all the way back to the classic games like Pacman and Space InvadersRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On The Media1372 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Many studies suggest that violent video games contribute to the aggressions of video games players. Today over 85% of video games contained violence, and the rest have explicit content like sex, drugs, and disregard to human life (Carnagey, Anderson, Bushman, 2007). Someone who is new to video games is exposing themselves to violence, and for many the general concern comes from being influence from such games. For example, video games first influence school shooting that first startedRead MoreThe Importance Of Violent Video Games932 Words   |  4 PagesWhile video games are fun for a lot of people, violent video games have proven to lead to more than just high scores and a source of entertainment. Violent video games need to be limited to our maturing youth. First, violent video games are one of the biggest and increasing outlets for providing our youth with deranged thoughts and aggressive impulsions. Second, the use of violent video games is very prevalent amongst soldiers in the U.S. Army being ordered to play these games to keep them in a warrior

Stereotyping A Neverending Cycle - 993 Words

Stereotyping is a never ending cycle, one that occurs daily and victimizes everyone. According to Julia Marsh, Author of Barneys busted student for shopping while black. A young black man, recently was discriminated â€Å"On October 22, 2013, in Queens, New York, a nineteen year old black college student named Tayvon Christian, who is nineteen years old, walked into the store Barneys with the excitement of purchasing a designer belt by Salvatore Ferragamo. After making the purchase of the belt, Christian was grabbed and held in the security office by an undercover officer who then asked him how a young black man such as himself could afford to purchase such an expensive belt. The worker from Barneys assumed Christian was fraudulent, and made him provide his identification, debit card, and receipt from the purchase. Officers even called his bank to determine if it was really his card, and it was. Christian was released, by the officers and he is suing Barneys and the NYPD for unspeci fied damages (Marsh, 1). Tayvon was the victim of stereotyping. In today’s society stereotypes play an important role, because it is broken down into so many categories such as religion, homosexuality, and race. Stereotyping is widespread in America and all over the world. It is based on generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. Tayvon was a victim of stereotype because people tend to believe that majority of black males are thieves and do not have the money to purchase certainShow MoreRelatedLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesHighland Park Public Library Strategic Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 6.1. Ten Reasons for Marketing Library and Information Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7.1. The Life Cycle of Organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7.2. Organization Chart Showing Authority Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fi gure 7.3. Line and Staff Organizational Units . . . . . . . . . Figure 7.4. Organization

Baby Thesis Free Essays

(Baby Thesis) Factors that can affect a student’s academic performance Submitted By: Rose Ann J. Soltes Submitted To: Michael Rey C. Bucol Introduction When students earn a below average grade on a test or a report card, it does not necessarily mean that they did not study hard enough. We will write a custom essay sample on Baby Thesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many intelligent children who do not perform well in school, not because they cannot comprehend classroom lessons, but because of external factors that affect their academic success   Waking up early for school has recently been acknowledged as a reason why students are not performing to the best of their ability. Sleepy students are less likely to pay attention to their teachers. Published an article in 2006, which discusses a study regarding the start time. Across the country, schools on average begin around 7:30AM. However, the study, led by a CAD. IT teachers, discovered that students perform better later in the day for biological reasons. The article states that specific high schools that started later saw an improvement in their students’ academic achievement simply because they were able to wake up later. The extent of student’s learning in academics may bedetermined by the grades a student earns for a period of learning has beendone. It is believed that a grade is a primary indicator of such learning. If alearner earns high grades it is concluded that they may also have learned alot while low grades indicate lesser learning. However, many experiences and studies found out that there are also several factors that would account for the grades. No single factor can be definitely pointed out as predicting grades. It has been an interplay of so many factors – gender, IQ, study habits, age, year  level, parent’s educational attainment, social status, number of siblings, birthorder, etc. In fact, almost all of existing environmental and personal factorsare a variable of academic performance. However, at this point in time, theresearchers would like to investigate the possible relationship of study habitsand the factors affecting it to the academic achievement of under graduate. Theinvestigation of on this area thus becomes a real and compelling motivationfor the researchers to conduct this study. Statement of the Problem This study intended to find out the factors affecting the study habits of  undergraduate CAD. IT students. It also aimed to answer the following questions: 1) What is the profile of the respondents according to: 1. 1 Time management 1. 2 Learning Skills 1. 3 Study Skills 2) What extent of influence did the independent variables have on studentstudy habits? 3) Did the independent variables significantly influence students studyhabits? Recommendation The researchers believes that students, particularly CAD. IT will be benefited from the findings of this study since the study provides basis for awareness and better understanding of how their current study habits affected their academic performance. Likewise gives them a morefocused and clear perspective on how the specific behaviours related totheir studies influenced study habits. Consequently, this awareness alsogives a much deeper understanding of their selves as students consideringthat the college life is typically beset of developmental adjustment demands. School administrators-like subject area coordinators, may also beguided in the formulation of future modification of educational policies,curriculum and strategies toward a more effective delivery of learning. Teachers- will also be help in understanding better the diversity of  learning of their students. As such, it is hoped that they could develop more effective methodologies in teaching their subject matter. Guidance and Counselling Centre-will also be help by this studythrough providing a more focused and factual knowledge on the factorsaffecting students study habits. This increased the understanding of theGuidance Counsellors on the interplay of the variables studied in thisresearch. Such knowledge is hoped to help the Guidance and Counselling practitioners towards the development and implementation of more effective programs in consideration of these variables. Research Settings The study will be conducted inside the computer aided design and information technology (CAD. IT) Data Gathering The researchers will ask permission from the administration office to allow the student to answer the questionnaire. The answering of the questionnaire will be done in the CAD. IT intitution. Answered questionaires then, will be gather, responses coded andwill be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability. These students name will then be deleted from the list of the total population so asnot to include them again in the selection of the sample population. Instruments Use Self- developed questionnaire composed of 10 items questions will be use to measure Study Habits of CAD. IT Students. Survey Questionnaire on Study Habits Name_______________________ Course ;Year______________  Age______Gender_______  Date________________ Direction: Please put check (v) on the space that corresponds to what you  are actually doing, thinking, and feeling regarding the statement. There are noright and wrong answers to this questionnaire. Rest assured that your  answers will be treated in strictest and will be used only for this study. . What is your gender? Male _____ Female ______ 2. What year are you in college? 1styear ____ 2nd year ______ 3rd year _____ 4th year ______ 3. What is your average grade? A _____ A- ______ B______ B- ______ C______ D ______ 4. How far in advance do you start studying for finals? One month ____ Two weeks______ One week _____ Daysbefore_____  The night before_______ 5. What time of day do you do the most studying? Morning (6 a. m. to noon _____ Afternoon (noon to 6 p. m. ) _____  Evening (6 p. m. to 9 p. m. ) _____ Night (9 p. . to 12 a. m. ) _____  Late night (12 a. m. to 6 a. m. ) _____ 6. On average, how many hours do you study for finals? 20-24 hours ______ 15-19 hours_______10-14 hours _______ 5-9 hours  ________  1-4 hours _________ 7. What is your favorite way to study? Repeating points out loud _____ Writing index/flash cards, then usingthem_______  Writing outlines _______ Highlighting text ______ Studying in agroup__________   Going to review sessions ______ Other, please describe :  ________________ 8. Where is your favorite place to study? Dorm room _____ Bedroom _______ Dorm common room/lounge  _______  Library ______ Coffee shop _______ Parents’ home ______ Campuspub/bar _____  Student union _______ Other, please describe: _______________ 9. What is your favorite study break? Exercise _______ Watching TV/movie ____Surfing the Internet _______  Napping _________ Socializing ______ Playing video games ________  Praying/meditating ______ Other, please describe: _______________ 10. Do you feel increased stress or anxiety leading up to exam time? Yes ____ No _____   CONCLUSION How to cite Baby Thesis, Essay examples

Replacement Darling Harbour Bridge Project -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Replacement Darling Harbour Bridge Project? Answer: Introduction The statement of work is a structured document that gives an insight of the details and scope of the work that is needed to be completed within the specific project. This formal document is needed to be agreed upon all the parties involved in the project. An effective Statement of Work document should contain every minute details of the project so that the different parties involved have a clear idea of the type of work required, duration of the work and the project deliverables. The statement of work document generally contains a brief description of the project and involves a request for proposal as well. This document should be routinely employees in the implementation of project management as it contains the definition of the project specific activities, the project deliverables and project timeline along with the project schedule. Project Background The project deals with the work of Darling Harbor Swing Bridge replacement. This project involves the superstructure replacement of the bridge along with the swing span replacement, substructure modification. Other works of the project includes a complete mechanical and electrical overhaul, operator house replacement and fender system replacement. The project has been designed in order to minimize the impact or effect on public. Therefore, it is decided that the works related to the superstructure and swing span replacement is to be completed within the 10-day period during which the bridge will remain closed for the public. The construction work for the project is decided to be start on 11 September 2017 and completed within 5th December 2017. The budget set for the entire project is AUD 31,474,000. Tenders for the project have been invited, which is needed to be submitted in person to Samira Alvandi. A proper project management plan is developed for this project along with the plan for quality assurance and safety management standards. The contract type chosen for this project is a fixed type contract with a bid built method of delivery. The project is expected to be completed within the set schedule and allocated budget. Scope of Work The scope of work for renovation of the bridge includes the planning and execution of the project according to the set plan. A group f architect appointed for the project will be responsible for designing the structure of the construct ion work and a detailed overview of the part of the bridge that needs immediate attention. Each part of the planning phase will however require approval from the project owner before moving on to the subsequent stages. The contractor hired for the project is responsible for ensuring the presence of adequate resources for redesigning, building and stress tensing. The implementation phases of the project include the replacement of the superstructure of the swing bridge, replacement of the swing plan along with the modifications of the substructure. This requires a planned approach as all the works in the project should be completed within the 10-day bridge closure period. Other construction works in the project includes complete mechanical and electrical overhaul, replacement of the operator house and fender system replacement. The major deliverables associated with the project is the replacement of superstructure and the swing span. This is a major deliverable because it is set to be completed within a very constricted time of 10 days. The project should be completed within the set budget of AUD 31,474,000 with the start date of construction work is scheduled to 11 September 2017 and the project completion date is set to 5 December 2017. Period of Performance The project of Darling Harbour Swing Bridge Replacement Project is implied for the development of the effective flow of operations and its significant development of the bridge in the span of project duration. The operations of the project would be carry on from Monday 11th September, 2017 to 5th December, 2017. Work Requirements The project of Darling Harbour Swing Bridge Replacement Project would consist of using the waterfall methodology for the development of the construction project. The project of construction of the activities of bridge redevelopment would involve the use of the effective and improved operations. The project operations would be divided into four phases namely Project Planning, Project Initiation, Project Construction, and Project Closure. The planning phase consists of development of project plan, resource development plan, financial plan development, quality analysis and strategy, communication plan development, and procurement plan development. The Project Initiation Phase includes Buisness case development, Feasibility Analysis and Study, Project Charter Documentation, and Project team is build up. The Project Construction Phase comprises of "Superstructure Replacement of the Darling Harbour Swing Bridge", "Swing Span Replacement of Darling Harbour Swing Bridge", "Substructure Modif ication of Darling Harbour Swing Bridge", "Mechanical Overhaul is formed for Darling Harbour Swing Bridge", "Electrical Overhaul is formed for Darling Harbour Swing Bridge", "Operator House replacement for Darling Harbour Swing Bridge", and "Fender System Replacement of Darling Harbour Swing Bridge". The Project Closure Phase includes the Project Progress is Reviewed, Final Documentation of the project, and Stakeholders Sign off the project final report. The project requirements consist of some resources that would be implied for the development of the effective processing and analysis. The project of Darling Harbour Swing Bridge Replacement would have to endure the development of the effective and smart analysis of the project integration management. The development of the project operations would be helpful for the integration of the profound knowledge development. The acceptance of the project would be based on the following factors, Project Initial Requirements and Resources are gathered Project would be completed in the estimated time schedule Operations of the project would be completed in the estimated cost budget Government Approval of the construction Activities WHS health and Safety Policies for construction is implied Fire Safety Measures are used Project Gantt Chart Quality assurance for any project is necessary for maintaining a desirable quality of a product. This requires through attention to every stage and processes from the project initiation phase to the project completion phase. The construction work related to the repair an renovation of the Darling Harbor Swing bridge is a highly optimized process involving different disciplines and different participants as well. The quality assurance standards thus undertaken in this project eliminates the cause of unsatisfying performance in the project implementation. A contract document is developed as a guideline of quality control. This document indicates that any construction work in the bridge will be considered acceptable under the applicable regulatory codes and standards of professional practice, only if it is reliable enough and the ease with which the maintenance works can be managed. The different tools and technology involved with the maintenance of the quality standard includes regular inspection of the works, control charts and statistical sampling. These tools help in improvement of the quality of the works and in decision acceptance as well. Evaluation of the project performance in regular basis helps in providing the confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards and therefore this is one of the major requirements in maintaining a standard quality of the project. Furthermore, monitoring of the quality assurance program is necessary for ensuring a proper result. This further requires a development of quality management plan that should be followed throughout the project implementation phase. Quality audit is another major criteria required for safeguarding the assured quality of the project is scheduled to be completed in a constricted time of 10 days. Furthermore, in order to assure a good quality project, determining and inspecting the quality of the building materials such as cement, sand, steel and aggregate concrete is essential. The moisture content in the specific part of the bridge is to be measured and dealt accordingly. The tensile strength of the steel and compressive strength of the bricks is needed to be inspected in order to deliver a good quality product and project. The different steps involved in quality assurance are listed below- 1) The materials testing are to be done prior to the beginning of the construction 2) The contractor is responsible for obtaining the samples of the materials designated as the proposed source of the materials 3) Contractor is responsible for sending the test samples in the testing laboratory for determining the acceptance criteria of the material under testing 4) The CQAO is responsible for inspecting the materials being used periodically 5) The project manager is responsible for supervision of the entire project work and should make sure that the project undergoes every phases of the project management. Safety Standards are designed in order to ensure the safety of the products activities and the processes involved in the project management life cycle. Every worker and employees associated with this project should abide by the safety standards of the project. The safety policy is designed to comply with the occupational safety and health administration, with an aim of maintaining a safe workplace. Workers are requires to familiarize themselves with all the potential hazards in the construction site and should not work in the areas where the protection system have not been installed. The project owner should also ensure fall protection systems to protect the workers working in the site and prevent them from walking on unprotected edges. Hard hats are mandatory to be worn while working on site. Furthermore, it is mandatory for the workers to wear sturdy and non-skid work boots while working on the bridge. For this, workers should be trained enough to recognize the hazards of falling a nd should know the procedure of minimizing the hazards and preventing the falls. The workers should be further provided with an eye and face protection to the workers and the safety standard designed should meet the standards of ANSI Z87.1-2010. Workers should be trained to operate the aerial lift in the workspace. Procurement Strategy Procurement strategy is a planned approach of delivering a successful product. It deals with the acquisition of materials, supplies and services that a company need to operate successfully. The type of contract chosen for a project depends on many factors, which includes type of the building project and goals and objective of the project. The contract type chosen for this renovation project is a fixed price contract. This contract type is chosen for this project because the total budget of the project is already fixed to AUD 31, 474,000 with a a fixed schedule. Furthermore, the superstructure and swing span replacement of the bridge is needed to be completed within the 10-day bridge closure period to minimize the impact of construction on public. Therefore, it is beneficial to consider a fixed project contract for this construction work. In a fixed type contract, the owner and the contractor before the initiation of the construction or project work agree a single price for all work. This assures the completion of the project within athe ste time as this type of contract includes incentives fir early completion of the project and in similar ways, the liquidated damages or penalties for the late completion. Therefore, it becomes responsibility of the contractor to complete the work within the set time. Since the amount is already paid at the beginning of the project initiation, it becomes the responsibility of the contractor to complete the work within the set schedule. There is however, certain risk associated with the builder or the contractor if he fails to bid an appropriate cost of the project. This risk can however be mitigated in this case as the budget of the project is already set for this project as well as the project schedule. Fixed contract is ideal for the projects, which have a clear project scope and defined construction schedule. There is limited flexibility in modifying and designing the project works once the project has been initiated. Since t he scope, schedule and budget of the project is clear, it is beneficial for the project owner to consider a fixed type contract. The major drawback related to the fixed type contract is that there is less transparency in the breakdown of costs and the profit margin of the builder. The major advantage of a fixed type contract is that it is normally not subjected to any sort of adjustments unless the provision for the same is included in the agreement. It provides the assurance of a task or project completion within a set budget and therefore fixed contract is set for this renovation project. Furthermore, it places a minimum administrative burden on the different contracting parties but is subjected to maximum risk in case of cost escalation. The method of delivery chosen for this project is design bid build method. This includes designing of the project by a team of architects hired for this project. The contractor appointed for the project along with the project manager is responsible for completion of the project. In this mode of delivery, the designing and construction phases of a project are clear and distinct and the entire planning of the project is generally completed before the initiation of the project. The major advantage of the project is that, the project scope is well understood and there are less chance of the misunderstandings in the project. The delivery method associated with a fixed time contract is design bid build delivery and therefore, this method of delivery is recommended for the project. References Asqtoronto.org., (2017). Seven Quality Tools | ASQ Toronto Section 402. Retrieved 9 September 2017, from https://asqtoronto.org/resources/quality-tools/seven-quality-tools/ Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Chartier, L. B., Cheng, A. H., Stang, A. S., Vaillancourt, S. (2017). Quality improvement primer part 1: Preparing for a quality improvement project in the emergency department.Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1-8. Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, L., Richardson, K. (2017, April). Exploring the complexity of projects: Implications of complexity theory for project management practice. Project Management Institute. Corona-Surez, G. A., AbouRizk, S. M., Karapetrovic, S. (2014). Simulation-based fuzzy logic approach to assessing the effect of project quality management on construction performance.Journal of Quality and Reliability Engineering,2014. Handschu, R., Scibor, M., Wacker, A., Stark, D. R., Khrmann, M., Erbguth, F., ... Marquardt, L. (2014). Feasibility of certified quality management in a comprehensive stroke care network using telemedicine: STENO project.International Journal of Stroke,9(8), 1011-1016. Hegazy, T. (2013).Computer-Based Construction Project Management: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed. Heinrich, S., Irouschek, A., Prottengeier, J., Ackermann, A., Schmidt, J. (2015). Adverse airway events in parturient compared with non?parturient patients. Is there a difference? Results from a quality management project.Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research,41(7), 1032-1039. Heldman, K. (2015).PMP project management professional exam deluxe study guide: updated for the 2015 Exam. John Wiley Sons. Hwang, B. G., Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), 272-284. Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H. (2017).Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley Sons. Kheni, N. A., Ackon, F. (2015). Impact of Total Quality Management Practices (TQMPs) on Construction Project Quality Performance in Developing Countries: Study of Construction Businesses in Ghana.International Journal of Management Science,2(3), 35-51. Kwon, O., Lee, N., Shin, B. (2014). Data quality management, data usage experience and acquisition intention of big data analytics.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), 387-394. Larson, E. W., Gray, C. (2013).Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Levin, G. (2014). Project Quality Management: Why, What and How.Project Management Journal,45(5). Low, S. P., Ong, J. (2014). Quality Management. InProject Quality Management(pp. 29-36). Springer Singapore. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Olafsdottir, H. (2016). Announcement of the IPMA Research Awards 2015.International Journal of Project Management,34, A1-A2. Papp, J. (2014).Quality Management in the Imaging Sciences-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Pemsel, S., Wiewiora, A. (2013). Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), 31-42. Phillips, J. (2013).PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Todorovi?, M. L., Petrovi?, D. ?., Mihi?, M. M., Obradovi?, V. L., Bushuyev, S. D. (2015). Project success analysis framework: A knowledge-based approach in project management.International Journal of Project Management,33(4), 772-783. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Verzuh, E. (2015).The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Wagner, C., Groene, O., DerSarkissian, M., Thompson, C. A., Klazinga, N. S., Arah, O. A., ... DUQuE Project Consortium. (2014). The use of on-site visits to assess compliance and implementation of quality management at hospital level.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,26(suppl_1), 27-35. Walker, A. (2015).Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Zeng, S. X., Tam, C. M., Tam, V. W. (2015). Integrating safety, environmental and quality risks for project management using a FMEA method.Engineering Economics,66(1).

Motivational and Cognitive Sources of Prejudice

Asian female celebrities and Caucasian men, has become one of the most common interracial pairing in America. The trend is attributed to motivational and cognitive prejudice that a particular person has towards his or her counterpart. Prejudice emanates from a special preference for a particular individual due to race, nationality, social status, or sexual orientation. Such factors have soothed Asian women to prefer Caucasian men to their Asian male counterparts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational and Cognitive Sources of Prejudice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, Caucasian men prefer Asian females due to their highly rated smartness, good body physic and social interactivity. In addition, Asian females are said to be submissive in nature. Anyone who finds himself a target of the cross-cultural frustrations will definitely defend himself as pursuing his tastes rather than guided by th e ethnic stereotypes. This growing trend creates an imbalance in interracial pairing and both the Asian and Caucasian men have expressed their disappointment. The Asian female and Caucasian male interracial pairing phenomenon is attributed to the motivational sources of prejudice that exist among the parties involved. This fact is clearly elaborated in the frustration and aggression, and the social identity theories. Furthermore, frustration and aggression is further categorized into the realistic group conflict theory and the scapegoat theory. The realistic group theory is manifested in the fact that Caucasian men are striking back at the modern feminism portrayed by the Caucasian females. Most Caucasian men believe that their counterparts articulate for modern feminism, whose main agenda is equal rights for women, and in the process end up discrediting the males. Initiating and sustaining of relationships with the Caucasian females becomes complex and uncomfortable forcing the Cau casian males to resort to Asian females who are more idealistic (Myers, 2010). Furthermore, the Caucasian men who cannot contain the masculine role that the Caucasian women play in relationships turn to women from other cultural backgrounds. They mainly prefer the Asian females. In this regard, Asian females obtain preference because of their supposed submissive nature attributed to the male dominance in relationships from their cultures. Notably, such characteristics promoted by tradition and culture are considered to be socially backward and lack value in the American standards. The scapegoat theory explains some of the reasons that coerce Caucasian men to prefer Asian females to the Caucasian females. Most Caucasian men with certain weaknesses in their character prefer dominance in relationship. Therefore, individuals with such personalities resort to Asian females whose culture advocates for submissiveness in a relationship. With this option, the Caucasian men can avoid the blam e games that are prevalent in relationship with women who advocate for the gender role equality.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Asian women indeed become the ultimate alternative in which Caucasian men can exercise their aggression. No matter how the Asian females get exposed to the American society, their culture still pervades unlike other individuals from different backgrounds. This has therefore substantially contributed to the rapid increase in the Caucasian men’s’ preference to the Asian women. The social identity theories propose that individuals have social groups and categories that form an important part in their self-concept. The individual personalities portrayed by both the Caucasians and the Asians reflect the need for groups, association with the in-groups and comparison with the out-groups. Most of the young people who belong to both the Caucasian and A sian background are influenced by their counterparts to follow the same path, contributing significantly to the trend. Although numerous accusations may arise that Caucasian men are taking advantage of the Asian women, their preference is attributed by the fact that Asian women are more lady-like. On the other hand, Asian women’s preference for the Caucasian men is attributed to their need for more tolerant and socially fit men. These women quickly point out that the Asian men are restricted by their stifling culture, which forces them to opt for men who are likely to bestow them more freedom. Considering that most relationships are initiated at school levels, most Asian men are academically focused and limit themselves to the classroom work forcing the Asian women to go for Caucasian men. Despite their brilliance, they do not put much effort on learning essential skills of establishing and maintaining relationships (Gilbert, 1998). In spite of the cultural values that connec t people, the Asian men feel discarded when the Asian women prefer the Caucasian men to them. Asian women have developed a notion that their men are nerdy and mostly suitable for the karate-chop actions. These ideologies are mainly promoted by the media, which tend to give more favour to the Caucasian men as representing the American standards. The beauty of men as portrayed by the media is represented in terms of characters such as being smart, athletic and social. Media due to its influence on people has greatly changed the desire for women to go for ordinary men, but opt for men who fit the American standards. Such bias favours the Caucasian men in wooing the Asian women. The confidence exhibited by the Caucasian men makes them more attractive to women. A gradual decline in the number of Asian women dating Asian men creates an imbalance since few Caucasian women go for Asian men. Asian males are disadvantaged in this regard and are generally perceived as unattractive to suit the women demands. Due to the continuous appearance of Asian women in the spotlight as representing the American beauty, the preconceptions that initially existed concerning them are now being discarded. This has influenced their preference among Caucasian men unlike the Caucasian women who are more independent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational and Cognitive Sources of Prejudice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Attribution, distinctiveness and categorisation are the cognitive source of prejudice. Categorisation is prevalent and has substantive impact on the Caucasian male and Asian women interracial pairings. With the perception of the Caucasian men as being lenient, appreciative and respectful, they are more favourable to the Asian women compared to their competitors, the Asian men. The rating of the Caucasian men by the Caucasian women as appropriate suitors and partners creates a mentality among women that they are the ideal men for relationships. Most Caucasian men find Asian women suitable because of the fact that the independent Caucasian women are usually short of time, preoccupied and not passionate in relationships (Baron, 2000). In this regard, the analysed perception of the desirability of the Caucasian men and Asian women relationship creates a conception that other unions are not effective. To avoid the likely disappointments in other unions most people choose the tested patterns. Homogeneity effect plays a crucial role in the pairing of the Caucasian men and Asian females. In other words the perception held by women that all Asian men are alike creates a discrepancy in the formation of relationship. Attrition refers to the stereotypic ideologies held by people that what takes place is justifiable. For most Caucasian men, there is a notion that Asian women are ideal for them and therefore a majority of them go for these women. Asian women on the other hand view the cha racteristics of the Asian men as void and weak in forming stable and enjoyable relationships. Distinctiveness mentality among the Caucasian men creates attention and forms inappropriate judgement of the realistic partners that they should have. On a large extent, it has facilitated bias in the creation of ideal and appropriate relationships. Furthermore, both the Asian men and Caucasian women have also concurred the trend and expressed disappointments and pity for the parties involved. References Baron, R. A., Byrne, D. E. (2000). Social psychology (9th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., Lindzey, G. (1998). The handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill ; Myers, D. G. (2010). Social psychology (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. This essay on Motivational and Cognitive Sources of Prejudice was written and submitted by user Ignacio Grant to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jaundice Disease Essay Example

Jaundice Disease Essay Example Jaundice Disease Essay Jaundice Disease Essay The word jaundice is derived from a French word called as jaune, which means yellow. It is a very common condition which is seen in newborn babies which can be treated by exposing them to sunlight. It is also known as yellow skin or eyes disease. It turns your skin, mucous membranes, sclera (the white of your eyes) into a single yellow color. This yellow pigment which is seen on your skin is due to bilirubin which is a byproduct of old red blood cells. If you are affected by jaundice consider it to be a serious problem which cannot to be taken lightly. Nearly 1% red blood cells retire everyday and those are replaced by fresh blood cells. These old blood cells are processed in the liver and later disposed. If there happens to be too many old red blood cells the yellow pigment builds up in the body, which results in the first stages of jaundice. Even though jaundice is not a disease but it is a sign for many other diseases. Jaundice is very common among babies due to the immature functioning of the liver. It is not equipped to deal with the removal of bilirubin from the bloodstream. Jaundice occurs mainly due to liver failure but there are many other reasons by which it is affected. Bilirubin is a natural product arising from the normal breakdown of red blood cells in the body and is excreted in the bile, through the actions of the liver. Jaundice is most often the result of a disorder affecting the liver it can be caused by a variety of other conditions affecting for example the blood or spleen. It should be thoroughly investigated so that the underlying cause can be identified and treated. The red blood cells in our circulation carry oxygen to all parts of the body and have a life span of about 120 days. At the end of their life they are broken down and removed from the circulation by special cells called phagocytes, which are found within the bone marrow, spleen and liver. New red cells are of course continually manufactured and this also takes place within the bone marrow. Following breakdown of the red cells some of their component parts such as amino acids and iron can be re-used by the body. Other components such as bilirubin need to be removed. Knowing how this removal pathway works is the key to understanding how jaundice occurs. Most waste products of the body are excreted in the urine via the kidneys but the liver and bile system is the other main physical route out of the body for these substances. By waste products we mean the many compounds that arise in the course of the bodys metabolism but almost all forms of drugs must also be eliminated either via the urine or bile routes. In the case of bilirubin released from old red cells, it passes through the bloodstream to the liver, where the liver cells process it. These cells carry out many complex chemical functions and also produce the liquid bile, which is the vehicle by which the cells discharge their output to the bile duct system. This is a branching network of tiny tubes throughout the liver, which merge in the same way as the branches of a tree. Ultimately a single main bile duct comes out of the liver and joins the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Bile (and therefore bilirubin) then passes out through the small and large intestines and is excreted in the stool (feces). Bile is green in colour, but bacteria in the large bowel act to change the bilirubin to substances that are brown, which gives stool its characteristic colour. Some of the bilirubin is reabsorbed back into the body through the bowel wall, eventually appearing in the urine as a substance called urobilinogen (although the typical yellow/orange colour of urine is in fact due a different pigment called urochrome). Therefore, any failure of the bilirubin removal pathway will lead to a build-up of bilirubin in the blood. When this happens the individuals skin turns yellow, causing jaundice. There are many conditions that could be associated with jaundice, such as: An excessive breakdown of red blood cells The balance between manufacture and breakdown of red cells is normally precisely balanced and equal but there are several conditions in which the rate of breakdown increases. If the amount of bilirubin thus released exceeds the livers capacity to remove it, then jaundice will develop. The medical term for excessive red cell breakdown is haemolysis, and within the developed world it is a fairly rare condition. Malaria is however a major cause in tropical climates as the malaria parasites live within the red cells and shorten their life. Similarly the condition in which a foetus develops haemolysis due to incompatibility of its Rhesus blood group with that of its mother is now rarely seen in the UK where we routinely check for Rhesus antibodies in the mothers blood. In parts of the world where antenatal care is not as good haemolytic disease of the newborn is much more common. A temporary jaundice of newborn babies is however quite common, due to the relative immaturity of the babys liver cells and the higher than normal rate of cell breakdown that occurs in the first few weeks of life. It improves rapidly without treatment although when too high it can be speeded up by exposing the baby to ultraviolet light. Jaundice of the newborn is commoner in premature babies as their liver is even more immature than a baby born at term. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia is a rare disease in which the bodys immune system seems to attack the red cells. It usually affects adults. Haemolysis can also be a side effect of some drugs, eg dapsone. Impairment of liver cell function The commonest cause is a viral infection of the liver cells (hepatitis). Many different types of infection including glandular fever (mononucleosis) can also be responsible for this. Alcohol abuse and subsequent scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) can cause significant cell damage leading to jaundice. Other less common conditions causing liver cell damage include haemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and primary biliary cirrhosis. Tumours of the liver either primary liver cancers (arising from the liver tissue itself) or more commonly, the secondary spread of a tumour from elsewhere in the body into the liver can lead to cell failure and jaundice. Blockage of the bile ducts This can occur as a result of abnormality inside or outside the ducts. The commonest example of an internal blockage is a gallstone. Tumours of the bile duct are rare but if large enough, or situated just where the bile duct meets the duodenum, then they can block the flow of bile. At this junction point, known as the ampulla of Vater, the tube from the pancreas gland also joins to the duodenum. Cancer of the pancreas tends to arise in the part of the pancreas nearest to the ampulla of Vater, so is another potential cause of obstructive jaundice. Any external organ or mass lying nearby that becomes large enough to press on the bile duct could be responsible. Examples include swollen internal lymph glands, a cyst (perhaps of the pancreas) or scar tissue following a previous infection or surgery. Symptoms of Jaundice, other than that of the jaundice itself, will relate to the underlying cause. For example someone with haemolysis might also be anaemic and tired. If a gallstone were responsible there would probably have been a preceding history of pain in the abdomen. A cancer might be accompanied by weight loss, and so on. When jaundice is due to obstruction of the bile duct the person will often notice that their urine becomes dark and stools become pale, as the excess bilirubin spills over into the urine and no longer colours the stool. Obstructive jaundice is also often accompanied by intense itching. The diagnosis is made by recognition of the patients appearance and accompanying symptoms. A blood test will confirm the raised bilirubin level and other tests such as those for hepatitis and haemolysis are also done on the blood. Ultrasound is a good way to inspect the liver and bile ducts for signs of obstruction, and often can give useful information on the pancreas gland. CT scanning also helps diagnose obstructive jaundice accurately. Treatment will depend upon the diagnosis behind the symptom of jaundice. For example, if the problem is one of gallstones, then removal of the gallbladder may be required. Jaundice comes in several other types, I will elaborate briefly about some of those types as follows: Neonatal jaundice is usually harmless: this condition is often seen in infants around the second day after birth, lasting until day 8 in normal births, or to around day 14 in premature births. Serum bilirubin normally drops to a low level without any intervention required: the jaundice is presumably a consequence of metabolic and physiological adjustments after birth. In extreme cases, a brain-damaging condition known as kernicterus can occur; there are concerns that this condition has been rising in recent years due to inadequate detection and treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for hearing loss. Jaundiced eye, It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. Alexander Pope, in An Essay on Criticism (1711), wrote: All seems infected that the infected spy, As all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye. Similarly in the mid 19th century the English poet Lord Alfred Tennyson wrote in the poem Locksley Hall: So I triumphed ere my passion sweeping thro me left me dry, left me with the palsied heart, and left me with a jaundiced eye. In conclusion, if you or one of your friends or relatives suspect that you may have jaundice, it is essential that you arrange to see your doctor in order that the underlying cause is identified and any possible treatment initiated as soon as possible.

Individual Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Individual Report - Essay Example Based on this concept, I examine my everyday practices to gain self-awareness and to critically assess my response to various situations. Although learning through experience plays an important role in the development of the professionals, often experience alone is not sufficient for learning. One needs to reflect or revisit the experience so that it is not forgotten. Reflection is an operation of mind which gives rise to new ideas and thoughts (Scharp, 2008). This operation helps understand and handle different situations and once you reflect on an idea you gain an entirely new view on how it appeared to you in the first instance. Therefore in my opinion, reflection helps understand a situation better while forming a link between theory and practice. Brigden and Purcell (2014) stated that unless a link is established between theory and practice, reading based on evidence is of little use. Hence it can be said that reflection has helped me develop the most effective delivery in terms of student learning which is also both manageable and practicable. This report shares my personal experiences and reflections on my action learning exercise. We were assigned an action learning task in which we have to work as a group. As a group we worked as an action learning set where we have to work in coordination with each other to accomplish the task of preparing the presentation. I am reflecting on that experience to learn from its outcomes as Surgenor (2011) emphasised that when you become aware of your shortcomings and reflect upon them you take appropriate steps to correct them. Through observation and analysis, one becomes able to figure out the problems and rectify them. This report is a reflective essay to help me learn from my experience of the group work. I used the Kolbs Model as a guide while assessing my experiences in this action learning exercise. Kolb’s learning

Strategic Plan and SWOT Analysis of Techno Group of Companies Research Paper - 1

Strategic Plan and SWOT Analysis of Techno Group of Companies - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the Techno Group of Companies focus on delivering the best quality along with ensuring that the health and safety precautions are well taken care of in the work environment. The main purpose of the company is to ensure that the company develops into a company that has a strong name in the growing market of construction. Also, the company ensures that work and projects that they deal with are completed keeping their core values of integrity along with client focus, teamwork and accelerated growth in mind. This has previously kept the previous customers satisfied and been the sole reason why they have been doing business with the company since then. The purpose of the Techno Group of Companies revolves around establishing the name of the company into the society. The entrepreneurs with projects that associate to development in of the infrastructure of the community is the primary goals along with constructing the buildings that are a part of this infrastructu re development. These functions revolve around the training of individuals who would serve the company as project managers, construction managers, design engineers and project architects which would be trained in a unique fashion and give the company the competitive advantage of the competition in these fields. The Techno Group of Companies also tries to focus on creating a name in other fields of work that would involve larger projects which can reach the scales of developing major dams and entirely new cities. This ultimate goal leads down to increasing the market share and keeping the name of the company on the recommended list of countries where they have current projects already running. The company is already very proud of the fact that they are a front line company to complete some major prestigious projects in various countries.

Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan Traffic Jammed Areas Construction Essay

Constructing Flyovers At Sri Lankan Traffic Jammed Areas Construction Essay An efficient transport network is the backbone of a healthy economy. As SriLankans most of our productivity is lost due to the inefficient and congested road network. One of the recent additions for traffic management and to alleviate congestion in colombo city and its suburbs has been the introduction of flyovers at important intersections of the main road corridors. The main function of a flyover is the separation of conflicting traffic movements thereby minimizing conflicts by using the vertical space. Therefore, it is assumed to cause less impact to the adjacent properties and the existing infrastructure. However, this depends on the type of flyover and the traffic pattern at the junction. 2. The efficiency of the recently introduced flyovers in the suburbs of the city of colombo can be tested by comparing before and after conditions of important traffic engineering parameters. It is also important to analyze the congestion level at the intersection and its significance compared to the entire road system. Basically the speed and the system capacity can be compared as main considerations to test this at a particular location. Moreover, the benefits and cost of a flyover against other reasonable and alternatives to obtain a similar result should be taken in to consideration and evaluated. In this research has attempted to compare the economic benefits of introducing flyovers against other short term and long term alternatives. The possible solutions available both from traffic and transport aspects are also widely discussed in my research. 3. The first of the series of large scale flyovers introduced to Sri Lanka recently are located across main railway lines in and around colombo. The first of these was a concrete cantilever type flyover in Ragama. This was constructed in 1996 in order to avoid the delay caused by the railway gate closures at the main line. A second flyover was completed along the baseline Road area. Dematagoda which was also across the main railway line in year 2000 to prevent the stagnation of vehicles on the Base line road. This was a 6 lane viaduct (culvert) type concrete structure. The 3rd flyover, which is a steel structure, was constructed in 2008 at Kelaniya within a record period of just 66 days; this was also to avoid the delay from the main railway line across the colombo-Kandy Road. The main purpose for the construction of all these flyovers was to reduce delays caused to vehicle traffic due to the closures of rail gates and reduction of accidents. 4. The latest flyover was constructed at Nugegoda junction in 2009. This is the first flyover at a road intersection, constructed in order to reduce intersection delays in Nugegoda. This too is a steel structure. 5. From the above details we could basically divide flyovers in SriLanka in to two main categories, a. Those across railway lines (railway overpasses) and b. those across road intersections resulting in grade separations. 6. The comparisons of key performance factors such as speed, safety, and economic cost with or without the flyover can be analyzed for both categories. Also, the economic viability of each category could be tested by comparing the cost and the benefits of the design life of each flyover. Selection of the type of flyover and its design are also of interest. In this respect, the comparison between cost, life time, possibility of land use, space utilization as well as the visual and function impacts on the area would be considered as being relevant decision making parameters for the selection of the type of flyover. CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY AIM The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the issues related the construction of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas in colombo district, How to improve finds the achievements and drawbacks being available in the flyovers. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 2. The growth of population, economy and as a result of the prevailing economic policy, the number of motor transport is increasing daily but the road network has not developed in such a manner to cater for the increasing requirement creating a great impact on the growth of our economy. Similarly the inefficiency of public passenger transportation combines together with this, as it is the mode of travel used by the general public for day to day activities. 3. Moreover Improvements to Public Transportation can reduce traffic congestion by attracting car and other motorized users to bus and train transportation hence can contribute to the economy in long term by reduce fuel consumption, efficient use of road and vehicle fleet, reduced accidents, etc. Increasing of private motorized vehicles by widening and improving more capacity to it will create further problems to the traffic environment in future. Hence, the concern of more tax and quota system to reduce vehicle ownership will help to reduce the vehicle growth rate. But at the same time government should improve public transportation to satisfactorily for the convenience of all users. 4. On the other hand very expensive infrastructure will negatively impact to the economy of a country as they lose the power for expenditure to other important needs at the same time hence the inflation rate would be unbearable if they are already have economic crisis. Therefore, injection of local funding to huge infrastructure which will produce marginal benefits is a waste for a nation. However, the flyovers also can be constructed using reinforced concrete structures too at lower cost than steel structure presented at placed in Colombo these days. THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 5. It is hypothesized that construction of flyovers at the traffic jammed areas as this is the best remedy for the issue, in this context there is no such requirement for add more kilometers to our road network. SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH 6. This research paper examines the lapses in the road network, one of the most recent traffic management methods, Improvements to Public Transportation can reduce traffic congestion and public passenger transportation at present, on its maintenance and existence, and how it affects the economy of our country and the ways available to overcome the problem effectively. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION 7. The data for the research is collected both from primary and secondary sources. Primary data The Primary data has been collected from 40 samples in colombo district. Secondary data The data required for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA Specialized personals and the Internet utilized. LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH 8. My Limitation is Primary data was collected mainly from questionnaires, it is assumed in the information is 100% correct. Forty consumer of flyover were selected for the study. This also is a limitation in the generalization of the result. GLOBAL EXPERIENCES WITH FLYOVERS 1. Flyovers have been assumed to be an ultimate solution for traffic congestion in the congested cities of developing countries. Large number of flyovers has been constructed in our country in last few years. However, the actual performance of such flyovers is debatable when considering the overall impact to other transport functions such as pedestrian facilities, visual aesthetics and business developments in the locality. There is a strong public perception that flyovers have solved or will solve traffic problems in metropolitan areas.   Therefore, there is no apparent resistance from the public, media, politicians and administrators when flyovers are constructed.   The only resistance comes from the few that are adversely affected, for example, owners/tenants of business establishments, residents and civil institutions.   In response they are often criticized for not being socially conscientious and for being anti-development  since they usually cannot justify their own re asons from a professional point of view and there is no support for them even if hundreds of thousands may even suffer from the adverse effects of such developments.   The position that the interests and convenience of society at large over the inconvenience or losses to a few are often ignored in many countries.   There appears to be no counter to such arguments since there is indeed some logic and truth to it. 2. It has in fact been shown that the convenience of a flyover mainly occurs only during the non-peak hours of traffic flow.   For example, during non-peak hours well-designed at-grade intersections like those in all present flyovers are doing fine as it is only in peak hours that flyovers have a slight advantage. The convenience is also felt only in 2 directions of traffic flow out of a possible 12 directions at an intersection.   These misconceptions have had a great influence on the publics mind that flyovers indeed solve all traffic problems at intersections.   Only in-depth analysis and engineering computations can counter this influence.  For example, our country and in developing countries are examining possibilities of introducing toll systems to recover the huge cost of these flyovers. However there are difficulties in implementing such methods due to the lack of space for toll booths and also the difficulty of imposing this to the users who only have marginal benefits from a single facility within the overall road infrastructure. 3. The experience of our country and in developing countries is that flyovers have not given the anticipated benefits for developing cities. Moreover this has been considered as a threat to the urban architecture as well as the accessibility within the city. Common complaints regarding flyovers are the negligence of public transport, transit facilities, and pedestrian facilities. STUDY AREA 4. In the colombo suburban area there are four flyovers of recent origin. The three (04) railway flyovers namely at Dematagoda, Ragama, Dehiwala and the recently constructed at Pattiya Junction in Kiribathgoda are included in this study Figure 01. The Nugegoda flyover is at a road intersection. This too is included to be discussed separately. The data required for the research collected from the secondary sources with relevant Books, RDA/UDA Specialized personnel and the Internet utilized. ANALYSIS 6. The analysis is carried out under two categories namely flyover performance at road intersection and flyover across the railway lines. FLYOVERS AT ROAD INTERSECTION 7. The travel time data of all the turnings including the through traffic on the flyover at Nugegoda intersection were used to calculate the average (daily average) speed and delay at each approach of road links (Figure 02). Figure 02: Travel Time Survey at Nugegoda Intersection with Flyover 8. The average two way traffic flow speed on each 100 meters segment of all four road approaches (up to 2km) of the Nugegoda flyover. The average speed of road links other than on the flyover includes the signal delay too. 9. It was observed from the above analysis that flyovers at railway crossings give higher benefits when compared to that of road intersections. The comparison of basic values indicates that concrete flyovers are better than that of steel structures. This is evident when the life time and the maintenance of the two types of flyovers are compared. Even though the economic analysis was done for 20 years, the concrete structures can last for more than 50 years without many repairs on it. Therefore the benefits of concrete structures are much more than those indicated in this analysis. 10. The flyover at Nugegoda intersection designed for 20 years. According to the travel time survey data, this flyover indicates the lowest savings. It also has the highest per lane km cost. However, the signalization with improvements to approach links of the intersection as an alternative to the flyover indicates very well. 11. It was observed that the flyover or signalization alone does not solve the traffic congestion at an intersection but that it also needs capacity improvements of approach links for an improvement at that intersection. It can be observed that most of the intersection approaches are often blocked by parked vehicles and other activities such as uncontrolled pedestrian movements and temporary businesses on the walkways. Therefore it is often seen that the existing road infrastructures in urban areas are not properly utilized. The capacity of road links and the intersection can be improved by enhanced traffic management strategies. NEW FLYOVERS PLANNED BUT LACK PROPER PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS 12. It has come into the notice of the Srilanka that in order to improve the transport system the Srilanka government has planned plenty of routines. Integrated multimodal transport system, will play a prominent part in offering an effective public transport service and hopefully will reduce private vehicles. 13. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roads and more effective mass transportation. Though, there is no emphasis on the common man- the pedestrian- and his requirement for safe problem free movement space. 14. There is no doubt in my mind that with steady increase in the numbers of cars and footpaths, pedestrian space in the colombo city has become increasingly marginalized. In other word, the footpath was meant to be a place for the common man to walk upon and did not belong to the owner of plots adjoining the access road. 15. Theoretically speaking, roads have been widened in Srilanka and flyovers have been built in all the major cities of the country without offering safe and convenient facilities for pedestrian to cross over. The requirement for adequate pedestrian space is an absolute must especially in places where large number of people gets together such as in neighborhood markets and shopping centers specially Dehiwala. 16. Unfortunately, here also, the focus seems to be on providing for the movement of vehicles and the parking of cars. Shoppers dodge their way around moving cars, three-wheelers, motorcycles and accidents are frequent and common. Despite this traders have continued to resist the pedestrianisation of shopping streets fearing loss of business. TRANSPORTABLE ROADWORK TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM TRAFFIC-RELATED Low-cost traffic signal system for one-way alternating traffic. Easy to control, clearly organized at a glance. Universal in use with power cable, Telephone cable and others. All signal heads uniformity and simple. MODES OF OPERATION: Automatic fixed time mode Automatic green time extension Automatic green on demand All-red in cable and radio mode Manual operation from every signal head possible in cable and radio mode FLYOVER CONSTRUCTION 17. Recent traffic counts have shown that there are in excess of 30,000 vehicles using the roundabout daily at colombo area. The straight-through movement between the east and west sides off the South Ring Road was the highest recorded traffic movement at the roundabout and represents approximately 40% of the total traffic using the roundabout. There was an urgent need for grade separation. 18. Effective traffic management throughout the duration of the project was vital as the same volume of vehicles used the roundabout during construction as they did before construction. From public opinion, traffic management was put in place effectively and major delays were rare. CHAPTER FOUR IDENTIFY MAJOR ISSUES AND DIFFICULTIES UPLIFTING EXISTING ROAD NETWORK AND IDENTIFY EFFECTS SUPPLY AND DEMAND WIDENING WORKS UNDERWAY ON THE WAY TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF LANES. 1. Congestion can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). Capacity can be increased in a number of ways, but needs to take account of hidden demands otherwise it may be used more strongly than anticipated. Critics of the approach of adding capacity have compared it to inducing demand that did not exist before. Reducing road capacity has in turn been attacked as removing free choice as well as increasing travel costs and times. INCREASED SUPPLY CAN INCLUDE: Adding more capacity at bottlenecks (such as by adding more lanes at the expense of parking/harden type shoulders or safety zones, or by removing local obstacles like bridge supports and widening tunnels) Adding more capacity over the whole of a route (generally by adding more lanes) Creating new routes Traffic management improvements REDUCTION OF DEMAND CAN INCLUDE: Vehicle parking or non parking restrictions. Vehicle park or no parking (Ride) facilities allowing parking at a distance and allowing continuation by private and commercial transport or selected lane. Reduction of road capacity to force traffic onto other ways and modes. Road entering fees (Southern highway) charging money for access onto a road/specific area at certain times, congestion levels or for certain road users. Road reserve area, where regulatory restrictions prevent certain types of vehicles from driving under certain circumstances or in certain areas. Rule/Policy approaches, which usually attempt to provide either strategic alternatives or which encourage greater usage of existing alternatives through promotion, subsidies or restrictions. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 2. Global positioning system (GPS) devices are used to determine global locations points, which are measured and recorded as Longitude (E), Latitude (S), and Elevation/Altitude (meters above sea level). Anyway before commencement of a GPS survey must be required checklist. Traffic monitoring, via radio, GPS or possibly mobile type phones, to advise road users. Fluctuate type message installed along the roadway, to advise road users. Navigation or clear identifying system possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting. Traffic monitoring / analyzing permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts. Road traffic monitoring/Analysis, to provide information on highway. Computerized highway system, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as much as 100% while increasing travel speeds. Parking area and guidance with information systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free parking. Active vehicle controlling (Critical situation) system hard area (Parking, bus halt) as an extra traffic lane, it uses CCTV and monitor the traffics use of the extra lane. OTHER ASSOCIATED 3. Other associated are, School time (Start/End) arranged to avoid busy time traffic. Driving behavior promotion and enforcement moreover driving practices, frequent lane such as security or school hrs etc changes can reduce a roads capacity and exacerbate jams. Visual/Sound barriers such as horn CGR gate bell ringing etc; to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity. Condition of speed reductions, showing speed limit, humps etc with lower speeds allowing cars to drive closer together, this increases the capacity of a road. 4. Moreover where space-efficient vehicles, usually motor bike, three-wheels and cars ride or drive in the allocated space between cars, buses, and trucks specially peek hrs. This is however illegal in many countries as it is perceived as a safety risk. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES DURING THE FLYOVER Acceptable and accepted only rail borne modes can in practice get people out of cars. Smooth no violent movements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwards. Comfortable Re-assuring tram lines (New proposal year 2009 but not succeeded) give confidence that service operates. Safe many times safer than vehicle travel. Speedy short journey times can be achieve. Compatible with pedestrians in pedestrianised areas. Clean and green enhances the environment no emissions at street level. Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and priority. 5. Roads including highways with grade separation generally allow traffic to move freely, with fewer interruptions, and at higher overall speeds; this is why speed limits are typically higher for grade-separated roads. In addition, less conflict between traffic movements reduces the capacity for accidents. Motorways, though having higher average speeds, usually have much lower accident rates per distance traveled than roads which are not grade separated. 6. However, grade-separated junctions are very space-intensive, complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures such as tunnels, ramps, and bridges. Their height can be obtrusive, and this, combined with the large traffic volumes that grade-separated roads attract, tends to make them unpopular to nearby landowners and residents. New grade-separated road plans can receive significant opposition from local groups for these reasons. 7. Rail-over-rail grade separations take up less space than road grade separations, because shoulders are not needed, there are generally fewer branches and side road connections to accommodate (because a partial grade separation will accomplish more improvement than for a road), and because at-grade railway connections often take up significant space on their own. However, they require significant engineering effort, and are very expensive and time-consuming to construct. 8. Rail-over-road grade separations require very little additional space because no connections need be built, but require significant engineering effort and are expensive and time-consuming to construct above. 9. Many closures from 1990 to 2010 happened, and many people thought that it was the beginning of the Colombo, Galle, Kandy vehicles, but the situation changed after 1990. Large number of automobiles started creating pollution and smog. High rising of petrol diesel in international market also thought people that petrol running automobile is far worse than electricity driven street rail. ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE 10. Under this topic road infrastructure can be improve under this conditions, Grade or type separation, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements. congested motorway-type roadway. Reducing junctions (1) Providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones (Except highway access) (2) A grade access road, roads that limit the type and amounts of way along their lengths. REVERSIBLE TYPE LANES 11. Considering the day today, certain sections of highway operate in the opposite direction on different times of the day or days of the week. SEPARATE LANES 12. Separate lanes for specific user groups, Public bus ways, Pedestrians (High occupancy vehicle lane) URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 13. Urban planning and city planning (UDA/NHDA planning) practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion, though they are of limited relevance for short-term change. Grid type plan (Interconnect system) including road network geometry, rather than tree-like system which reduce local traffic, but increase total distances driven and discourage walking by reducing connectivity. Zoning laws that encourage development under mixed type, which reduces distances between residential, commercial, and recreational destinations (and encourage cycling and walking) The development is residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to public transport. THOUGHTS ON URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN 14. A well-developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world to develop and it remains so for our country also. The country has developed up to a certain extent throughout the time but the transportation has not, to cater for the increasing demand. On our journey for development this has to be the primary area to be considered. It is not only a responsibility of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people. The government also has the responsibility to put a genuine effort for this other than going only for political achievements and thereby should give priority for the development of this area. 15. When I made the interview RDA and UDA expertise they are said that we have done researches and given most economical and the feasible methods to develop this area but we dont know how it is going to be done due to non availability of funds and facilities 16. The above economic analysis is carried out considering only the volume of transport savings based on a travel time survey at each flyover location. A comprehensive study could have been carried out to test the situation more accurately if the respective data sources had been available. 17. However, this is a good strategy for eliminating the delay at railway crossings as a long term consideration. Also the concrete flyovers across railways are more economical than the steel bridges constructed in a very short period. CHAPTER FIVE ANALYSIS 1. My Analysis was done in the area of Nugegoda, one of the closest towns to the Colombo city. Questionnaire was prepared and distributed among all age groups. The sample size is 40 personnel and all responded with their identity. Figure 01 2. My 2nd observation was made to find out how many people (from 40 personnel sample) are using flyovers and how often they use it. According to Figure 02 it has been observed that more than 65% persons are using flyovers daily and they feel the difference between the previous and the current situation of the time saving. Figure 02 3. My 3rd observation was made to find out who are the majority using this flyovers. It has been observed that there is more than 60% personnel are the users of public transports. Following details in Figure 03 were taken according to the observations made. Figure 03 4. My next observation shows in figure 04 and Figure 5, Average serving time per a journey Vs person. According to chart it says that the actual time period is very less comparing before situation. According to research 90% time saved. As a result air pollution, Diesel/petrol consumption, Police man power, Vehicle wastage etc minimize proportionally. Figure 04 Figure 5 Finally, during the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority stated that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue. CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO OVERCOME THE CRISIS 1. In order to minimize the city traffic congestion, the authorities have only handful of options. The highly effective solutions practice in other countries as follows.. a. Controlling traffic using methodical light system, b. Directing traffic through one direction of the full carriageway. c. Controlling traffic with the aid of authorized personnel (police men) d. Construction of flyovers. In Sri Lanka the respective authorities has constructed six flyovers at highly congested areas in Colombo suburbs. These locations were selected according the statistical surveys carried out by the experts in this field. However, it is inevitable that this effort has not succeeded in few locations as anticipated. Hence, during this research, I developed an argument to justify that the construction of flyovers are the best remedy for this issue by obtaining the opinion from the general public as my target group. This is the target group for early surveys carried out by the RDA in conjunction with University of Moratuwa to justify the construction of flyovers in Colombo suburbs as well. 2. A well developed transportation system plays a great role for any country of the world. The country has developed up to a certain extent throughout the time but the transportation has not sufficient to cater for the increasing demand of Road network. The construction of many flyovers in our most needed area, responsibility of the government but also depends on the attitude of the people especially all drivers and pedestrians. The also should give their fullest support to the current rules and regulations. 3. During the research, my hypothesis was proved, because the majority stated that construction of flyovers where the traffic jammed areas are the best remedy for the issue. 4. After carrying out a survey and analyzing the data, the following are the details of identified benefits and summarized as follows. Avoids traffic congestion through segregation and priority Speedy shortens journey times Smooth no violent movements vertically, laterally, or backwards/forwards Comfortable Compatible with pedestrians in giving pedestrianised areas Reduces the capacity for accidents 5. Moreover in this survey and analyzing the data, the few limitation and barriers identified as follows; Complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures and for maintenance Their height can be obtrusive. c. Require a significant engineering and time-consuming to construct. 6. It has come into the notice of the urban planers that in order to improve the transport system a multi modal approach should be made. All in all, the main focus is on the development of more roads and more effective mass transportation. Priority should be given to the commuter and his requirement for a safe problem free movement space. 7. Finally, according to collected primary/secondary data. Following actions can be taken to minimizing traffic jammed. Without any delay some facts are presently available and not to standard. Banning of All On-Street Parking for Vehicles in City Limits Traffic Signal Lights Introduction of Substitute Roads to Main Roads Widening of roads Restriction of Slow Moving Traffic and Heavy Vehicles During Rush Hours Separating Pedestrians from Active Traffic Flow Proper maintenance of roads- specially culvert and rainy period road situation required quickly repairing system Creating driving discipline presently available new driving licence card entering system Implementation of New Highways Connecting Main Cities of The Country Electronic Traffic Monitoring Systems for Main Cities specially actual road jammed persons rules violated persons capturing part Discouraging Individual Vehicles Entering Cities (Peak hours container, tractor etc) Bus Stands (Required up lift and move to main road) Construction Work (Required combined worked force (RDA/UDA/CEB/NWSDB) 8. During the last decades the country has developed immensely; therefore the alternative methods to control traffic congestion are highly essential because of the increasing of the vehicles. The government also has the responsibility to put a genuine effort for this other than going onl